Verification Vs Validation

Verification:
Verification ensures the product is designed to deliver all functionality to the customer;

Verification ensures that the application complies to standards and processes. This answers the question " Did we build the right system? "
Eg: Design reveiws, code walkthroughs and inspections.

It typically involves reviews and meetings to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements and specifications; this can be done with checklists, issues lists, and walkthroughs and inspection meetings.

Checking documents for defects(I mean to say uncovered requirements). Here no code will be executed. Before buliding actual sytem this checking will be done. This process will be called verification or Quality Assurence.

Verification is a process in which information is checked using accurate measures.
E.g. when you enter a new password you are asked to retype it to verify that the password supplied is correct.

Validation:
Validation ensures that functionality, as defined in requirements, is the intended behavior of the product;

Validation ensures whether the application is built as per the plan. This answers the question " Did we build the system in the right way? ".
Eg: Unit Testing, Integration Testing, System Testing and UAT.

Validation typically involves actual testing and takes place after verifications are completed. Where as Validation concern, checking will be done by executing code for errors (defects.). This also can be calles as Qulity Control.

Validation however is the automatic process in which rules are applied in order to make information correct,
E.g. if the right type of data is entered in a certain cell in a database.

“Verification is done through out the life cycle of the project/product where as validation comes in the testing phase of the application”.

Honey Well Question Paper for experinced guys in Aero Domain

Honey Well Question Paper:

1
void main()
{
int i=32;
char *ptr = (char *) &i;
printf( "%d" , *ptr);
}

2
#define X 5+2
void main()
{
int i;
i = X * X * X;
printf( "%d" , i );
}

3
void main()
{
char c = 125;
c = c + 10;
printf( "%d" , c );
}

4
void main()
{
int i = 4, x;
x = ++i + ++i + ++i;
printf( "%d" , x );
}

5
void main()
{
register int i,x;
scanf( "%d" , &i );
x = ++i + ++i + ++i;
printf( "%d" , x);
}

6
void main()
{
int a = 5;
int b = 10;
{
int a = 2;
a++;
b++;
}
printf( "%d %d" , a , b );
}

7
enum color { red, green = -20, blue ,yellow };
void main()
{
enum color x;
x = yellow;
printf( "%d" , x );
}

8
void main()
{
char c = '0';
printf( "%d %d" , sizeof(c) , sizeof('0') );
}

9
void main()
{
int i =3;
if ( 3==i )
{
printf( "%d" , i << 2 << 1);
}
else
{
printf( " NOT EQUAL" );
}
}

10
void main()
{
const int i = 5;
i++;
printf( "%d" , i );
}

11
void main()
{
const int x = 25;
int *const p = 2x;
*p = 2 * x;
printf( "%d" , x );
}

12
void main()
{
int i = 5 , j = 2;
if ( ++i > j++ i++ > j++ );
printf( "%d" , i + j);
}

13
#define MAX 5
void main()
{
int i = 0;
i = MAX++;
printf( "%d" , i++);
}

14
void main()
{
int a = 5, b = 10, c = 15;
int *array[] = { &a , &b , &c };
printf( "%d" , *array[] );
}

15
void main()
{
int array[1] = {5};
int i ;
for ( i = 0 ; i <= 2 ; i++ )
{
printf( "%d" , array[i] );
}
}

16.LATE BINDING the function calls get resolve during?
-Compilation
-Run time
-Both A & B
-None of Above

17.Inheritance in C++ have default access specifier as?
-PRIVATE
-PUBLIC
-PROTECT
-None of above

18.Convert C++ file to object module is done by?
-Compiler
-Linker
-Both A & B
-none of above

19.Members of the class are by default?
-PRIVATE
-PUBLIC
-PROTECT
-None of above

20.Reference to its own class can be accepted by?
-Simple constructor
-Copy constructor
-Both A & B
-None of the above

21.STRICT parameter type checking is followed with which of the following?
-Inline
-Macros
-Both A & B
-None of Above

22.Friend function of a class in C++ can access as?
-Private member of the class
-Protect member of the class
-Both A & B
-None of above

23.Which is exist in C++
-Virtual destructor
-Virtual constructor
-Both A & B
-None of above

24.(Not sure what exactly the QUS)
Static in C++
-Class
-Object
-Both A & B
-None of above

25.What is the value of EOF(End of file)?
- 1
- 0
- Infinity
- -1

Micro controller Vs Micro Processor

Microcontroller:
A Microcontroller is essentially a small and self- sufficient computer on a chip, used to control devices It has all the memory and I/O it needs on board Is not expandable –no external bus interface Characteristics of a Microcontroller
• Low cost, on the order of $1
• Low speed, on the order of 10 KHz –20 MHz
• Low Power, extremely low power in sleep mode
• Small architecture, usually an 8-bit architecture
• Small memory size, but usually enough for the type of application it is intended for. Onboard Flash.
• Limited I/O, but again, enough for the type of application intended for.

Microprocessor:
A Microprocessor is fundamentally a collection of on/off switches laid out over silicon in order to perform computations Characteristics of a Microprocessor
• High cost, anywhere between $20 -$200 or more!
• High speed, on the order of 100 MHz –4 GHz
• High Power consumption, lots of heat
• Large architecture, 32-bit, and recently 64-bit architecture
• Large memory size, onboard flash and cache, with an external bus interface for greater memory usage
• Lots of I/O and peripherals, though Microprocessors
tend to be short on General purpose I/O